The tamaraw, a type of small wild buffalo, has always inhabited only one island in the Philippines. Until the 1900s, its natural habitat was largely untouched, but when the island became more accessible for humans the tamaraw population declined. Hunting, habitat loss and disease are the three main reasons for the population decline. An assessment for the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List in 2008 classified the tamaraw as critically endangered. Its population is estimated at less than 200, making it one of the world's rarest mammals.
Source: Wikipedia
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